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The first one is not too bad2 I mean, you can make a pretty good guess at what the author is trying to say, even if, like me, you feel the phrase ought to behave would be better shortened to just behave but surely it could be better expressed For example: If S is a subtype of T, then wherever the system expects an object of type T, an object of type S can be substituted..

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int i, len = sourceString.length(); StringBuffer dest = new StringBuffer(len); for (i = (len - 1); i >= 0; i--) dest.append(sourceString.charAt(i)); return dest.toString(); } }

Much more precise, and at least to me much easier to understand, too (Mind you, I don t necessarily agree with the sentiment this revised version expresses! it depends, of course, on what the term object means But let that pass for now) Now let s look at the second sentence: In other words, I ought to be able to substitute any subtype of class X in a program that expects a member of class X and the program should still behave reasonably I have many reactions to this sentence: First of all, where did that stuff about classes come from It wasn t mentioned in the first sentence, and it wasn t mentioned in the Liskov/Wing abstract either.

To use Hessian to communicate from Flex to Java, you employ the Hessian client-side library for Flash/Flex. You can download the SWC library file from the Hessian home page (http://hessian.caucho.com/). For Flex, you need to get hessian-flex- version_number .swc from the binary distribution list. You ll also find links to API documentation and example applications (including server-side push using Comet) on this page. The Hessian Flash/Flex client library uses mx.rpc.AbstractService and mx.rpc.AbstractOperations like the libraries for XML-RPC, JSON-RPC, WebService, and RemoteService. The service that manages RPC extends AbstractService, and the remote methods map to AbstractOperations. The primary component is abstracted as HessianService, and that s where you configure the remote Hessian destination. In MXML, this tag looks like this:

Figure 5-24. Add new layers and manipulate them in the Layers window. You can use the Duplicate Layer button in the Layers window to save redrawing every similar layer. Use the Fill Tool from the Toolbox (with a paint-bucket icon) to fill the circle on the duplicated layer with the background color. Then, switch to the Normal tool, and drag the circle s size using the colored dot to make it slightly smaller. If you run the preview again, you see the outline of a circle moving across the screen. You can draw and edit Bezier curves in Synfig Studio (see Figure 5-25); these are called BLines, and the tool has an icon like an ink pen nib drawing a curve.

Am I to understand that class is just another word for type If so, why introduce the term If not, how do the concepts differ And if they do differ, what are we supposed to make of the phrase any subtype of class X By the way, in Is a Circle an Ellipse I did say that class and type were synonyms and I got a lot of flak on that one, too The truth is, however, that there s an amazing amount of confusion over this particular issue In support of this claim, let me quote some material from Appendix J of The Third Manifesto Appendix J is the References and Bibliography appendix, and it includes a reference to a book by Elisa Bertino and Lorenzo Martino titled Object-Oriented Database Systems: Concepts and Architectures (Addison-Wesley, 1993).

<hessian:HessianService xmlns:hessian="hessian.mxml.*" id="hessianService" destination="remoteDestination"/>

Here s the annotation to that reference from Appendix J (edited just slightly here):3 Many publications from the object world try to draw a distinction (as we do not) between type and class, and Bertino and Martino s book is one such: Object-oriented systems can be classified into two main categories systems supporting the notion of class and those supporting the notion of type .. [Although] there are no clear lines of demarcation between them, the two concepts are fundamentally different [sic!] .. Often the concepts type and class are used interchangeably However, when both are present in the same language, the type is used to indicate the specification of the interface of a set of objects, while class is an implementation notion [so why is it present in the language at all ] Therefore .. a type is a set of objects which share the same behavior ...